Anatomy and Physiology Ch. 10 Muscle Worksheets Part 2
Matching
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Neuromuscular
Junction
Part B
 a. | Motor neuron | c. | Synaptic cleft | b. | Muscle fiber | d. | Synaptic
vesicles |
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1.
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1; see picture
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2.
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2
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3.
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3
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4.
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4
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Excitation-Contraction
Coupling a. | ATP | f. | Sarcoplasmic reticulum | b. | Ca2+
ions | g. | T
tubules | c. | Cross-bridge | h. | Tropomyosin | d. | Myosin | i. | Troponin | e. | Sarcolemma |
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5.
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Action potentials are propagated along the _____
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6.
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and depolarize the _____, which carry the depolarization to the muscle
fiber’s interior.
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7.
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As the action potential reaches the triads, voltage-gated ion channels open,
and Ca2+ ions are released from the _____.
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8.
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Ca2+ ions diffuse into the sarcoplasm surrounding the myofilaments
and bind to _____ of the actin myofilaments.
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9.
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This causes tropomyosin to move and expose the active sites of actin to
_____.
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10.
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Contraction occurs when actin and myosin bind, forming a _____; myosin changes
shape, and the actin myofilament is pulled past the myosin myofilament.
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11.
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Relaxation occurs when _____ are taken up by the sarcoplasmic
reticulum,
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12.
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_____ binds to myosin,
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13.
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and _____ blocks the active sites on the actin molecules.
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Energy Requirements for Contraction and
Relaxation a. | Actin | f. | Head | b. | Active
site | g. | Myosin | c. | ATP | h. | Power | d. | ATPase | i. | Recovery | e. | Ca2+ ions | j. | Sarcoplasmic
reticulum |
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14.
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After a cross-bridge has formed and movement has occured, release of the myosin
head from actin requires _____ to bind to the head of the myosin molecule.
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15.
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ATP is broken down by _____ in the head of the myosin myofilament
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16.
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and energy is stored in the _____ of the myosin molecule.
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17.
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When the myosin molecule binds to _____ to form another cross-bridge, much of
the energy is used for cross-bridge formation and movement.
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18.
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Before the cross-bridge can be released for another cycle, once again an ATP
molecule must bind to the head of the _____ molecule.
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19.
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Movement of the myosin molecule while the cross-bridge is attached is a _____
stroke,
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20.
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whereas return of the myosin head to its original position after cross-bridge
formation is a _____ stroke.
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21.
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Relaxation occurs as a result of the active transport of _____
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22.
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back into the _____,
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23.
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which allows the troponin-tropomyosin complex to block the _____ on the actin
molecules and cross-bridges cannot reform.
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Muscle Twitch a. | Contraction | c. | Relaxation phase | b. | Lag phase |
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24.
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An action potential causes the presynaptic terminal to release acetylcholine.
Acetylcholine crosses the synaptic cleft and binds to postsynaptic receptors, causing an action
potential.
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25.
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An action potential propagates down the T tubules, causing the release of
Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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26.
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Ca2+ ions bind with troponin, the troponin-tropomyosin complex
changes position, and active sites on actin molecules are exposed to the heads of the myosin
molecules.
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27.
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Cross-bridges between actin and myosin molecules form, move, release, and
reform, causing sarcomeres to shorten.
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28.
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Ca2+ ions are actively transported into the sarcoplasmic reticulum,
troponin-tropomyosin complexes inhibit cross-bridge formation, and muscle fibers lengthen
passively.
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Stimulus Strength and Muscle
Contraction
Part A a. | Maximal stimulus | d. | Subthreshold
stimulus | b. | Multiple motor unit summation | e. | Supramaximal stimulus | c. | Submaximal
stimulus | f. | Threshold
stimulus |
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29.
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Stimulus just strong enough to produce an action potential in a single motor
unit.
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30.
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Stimulus strength between threshold and maximal values.
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31.
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Stimulus that is stronger than necessary to activate all the motor units in a
muscle.
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32.
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Increasing stimulus strength, between threshold and maximum values, produces a
graded increase in force of contraction of a muscle.
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Stimulus Strength and Muscle
Contraction
Part B
 a. | Maximal stimulus | d. | Supramaximal
stimulus | b. | Submaximal stimulus | e. | Threshold stimulus | c. | Subthreshold
stimulus |
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33.
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1; see picture
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34.
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2
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35.
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3
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36.
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4
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37.
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5
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Stimulus Frequency and Muscle
Contraction a. | Complete tetanus | c. | Multiple wave
summation | b. | Incomplete tetanus | d. | Treppe |
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38.
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Increase in the force of a muscle contraction caused by an increased frequency
of stimulation.
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39.
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Stimuli occur so frequently that there is no muscle relaxation.
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40.
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Graded response occuring in muscle that has rested for a prolonged period of
time. If the muscle is stimulated with a maximal stimulus at a frequency that allows complete
relaxation between stimuli,the second contraction is of a slightly greater magnitude than the first,
and the third is greater than the second. After a few stimuli, all the contractions are of equal
magnitude.
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Stimulus Frequency and Muscle
Contraction
Part B
 a. | Complete tetanus | c. | Multiple wave
summation | b. | Incomplete tetanus | d. | Treppe |
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41.
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Demonstrated by graph A. see picture
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42.
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Demonstrated by graph B.
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43.
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Name part 3 of the graph.
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44.
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Name part 4 of the graph.
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Stimulus Frequency and Muscle
Contraction
Part C a. | Active sites | e. | Increases | b. | Ca2+
ions | f. | Muscle
twitch | c. | Decreases | g. | Tension | d. | Elasticity | h. | Tetany |
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45.
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Multiple wave summation is increased tension that is apparent when a muscle is
exhibiting incomplete or complete _____.
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46.
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Two factors play a role in this increased tension. First, as the action
potential frequency increases, the concentration of _____ around the myofibrils
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47.
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becomes greater than during a single _____, causing a greater degree of
contraction.
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48.
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The additional Ca2+ ions cause the exposure of additional _____ on the actin
filaments.
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49.
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Second, the sarcoplasm and the connective tissue components of muscle have some
_____.
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50.
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In a muscle stimulated at high frequency, the elastic elements are stretched
during the early part of the prolonged contraction. The stretching allows all of the _____ produced
by the muscle to be applied to the load to be lifted,
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51.
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and the observed tension produced by the muscle _____.
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Type of Muscle
Contractions a. | Concentric | d. | Isotonic | b. | Eccentric | e. | Muscle tone | c. | Isometric |
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52.
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Contractions that cause a change in muscle tension but no change in muscle
length.
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53.
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Contractions that cause a change in muscle length but no change in muscle
tension.
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54.
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Muscle tension is constant and the muscle decreases in length.
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55.
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Muscle tension is constant and the muscle increases in length.
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56.
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Maintenance of constant tension for long periods of time.
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Length vs. Tension a. | Active tension | c. | Total tension | b. | Passive tension |
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57.
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Produced when a muscle contracts.
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58.
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Produced when a muscle is stretched but is not stimulated.
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59.
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Sum of active and passive tension.
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Fatigue, Physiologic Contracture, and Rigor
Mortis Part
A a. | Muscular fatigue | c. | Synaptic
fatigue | b. | Psychologic fatigue |
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60.
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Involves the central nervous system; muscles are capable of functioning, but
person “perceives” work is not possible.
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61.
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Result of ATP depletion; without adequate ATP levels in muscle fibers,
cross-bridges cannot function normally.
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62.
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Occurs in the neuromuscular junction when the rate of acetylcholine release is
greater than the rate of acetylcholine synthesis; rare but can occur after extreme exertion.
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Fatigue, Physiologic Contracture, and Rigor
Mortis Part
B a. | Physiologic contracture | b. | Rigor
mortis |
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63.
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Extreme muscular fatigue caused by a lack of ATP in which a muscle can neither
contract nor relax.
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64.
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Rigid muscles that occur after death; caused by Ca2+ ion leakage
from sarcoplasmic reticulum and no ATP to allow relaxation.
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Energy Sources and Oxygen
Debt
Part A a. | Aerobic respiration | b. | Anaerobic
respiration |
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65.
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Occurs in the absence of oxygen and results in the breakdown of glucose to
yield ATP and lactic acid.
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66.
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Requires oxygen and breaks down glucose, fatty acids, or amino acids to produce
ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.
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67.
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More efficient (produces the most ATP for each molecule of glucose used) of the
two types of respiration.
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68.
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More suited to short periods of intense exercise.
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Energy Sources and Oxygen
Debt
Part B a. | ADP | e. | Creatine phosphate | b. | Aerobic | f. | Lactic acid | c. | Anaerobic | g. | Liver | d. | ATP | h. | Oxygen debt |
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69.
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The immediate source of energy for muscle contractions is _____.
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70.
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During resting conditions only a small amount of ATP is present in muscle
cells. Energy is stored when ATP transfers a high-energy phosphate to creatine to form _____.
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71.
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During exercise, creatine phosphate releases a phosphate that combines with
_____ to produce ATP.
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72.
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Resting muscles or muscles undergoing long-term exercise depend primarily upon
_____ respiration for ATP synthesis.
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73.
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On the other hand, during short periods of intense exercise _____ respiration
combined with the breakdown of creatine phosphate provides enough energy ATP for 1-3 minutes.
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74.
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These processes are limited by the depletion of creatine phosphate and glucose
and the buildup of _____ within muscle fibers.
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75.
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The extra oxygen required after exercise above that required for resting
metabolism is called the _____.
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76.
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During this time, ATP and creatine phosphate levels are restored in muscle
fibers, and excess lactic acid is converted to glucose in the _____.
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Slow and Fast Fibers a. | Fast-twitch muscle fibers | b. | Slow-twitch muscle
fibers |
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77.
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Have a better developed blood supply.
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78.
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Have very little myoglobin and fewer and smaller mitochondria.
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79.
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More fatigue-resistant.
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80.
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Have large deposits of glycogen and are well adapted to perform anaerobic
respiration.
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81.
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There is a greater concentration of this type of fiber in large postural
muscles.
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The Effects of
Exercise a. | Aerobic | f. | Fatigue-resistant | b. | Anaerobic | g. | Hypertrophies | c. | Atrophies | h. | Motor units | d. | Cardiovascular | i. | Numbers | e. | Fat | j. | Size |
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82.
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Intense exercise resulting in _____ respiration has the greatest effect on
fast-twitch muscle fibers, causing them to increase in strength and mass.
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83.
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The blood supply to both fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers is increased
by endurance exercise requiring _____ respiration,
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84.
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making both types of fibers more _____.
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85.
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A muscle increases in size, or _____, and increases in strength and endurance
in response to exercise.
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86.
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Conversely, a muscle that is not used _____.
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87.
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The increase or decrease in size of individual muscles is caused by a change in
_____ of muscle fibers.
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88.
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The increased strength of a trained muscle also occurs because of the
recruitment of more _____,
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89.
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reduction of excess _____, greater ATP production,
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90.
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and increased efficiency of the _____ and respiratory systems.
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