AP Bio Ch. 18 Study Guide

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True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

Interactive question 18.7 Does the following statement anser the question?
The action of MyoD must depend on a combination of regulatory proteins, some of which may be lacking in the cells that it is not able to transform into muscle cells.

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Interactive question 18.3 B
Would histone tail deacetylation in a nucleosome increase or decrease the transcription of a gene?

decrease

increase

Interactive question 18.6 C
Small RNAs regulate gene expression by affecting

a.	translation
b.	transcription
c.	transcription and translation
d.	neither transcription or translation

Interactive question 18.9 A
Which is not one of the three genetic changes that can convert a protooncogene into an oncogene?

a.	mutations can result in more copies of the gene being present than normal (amplification)
b.	translocation, which may bring the gene under the control of a more active promoter or control element
c.	a change in the nucleotide sequence in either a control element that increases gene expression or in the gene that creates a more active or resilient protein
d.	mutations in which nucleotide sequences are removed (deletion) or added (duplication) that causes an increase in gene expression

Interactive question 18.9 B
Which is not one of the three possible functions of normal tumor-suppressor proteins?

a.	decrease the activity of proteins that prevent uncontrolled cell growth
b.	may function in repair of damaged DNA
c.	control of cell adhesion
d.	inhibition of the cell cycle

Multiple Response
Identify one or more choices that best complete the statement or answer the question.

Interactive question 18.8
Choose all of types of evidence established that Bicoid protein is a morphogen that determines the anterior end of a fruit fly?

a.	Bicoid mRNA was shown to be localized at one end of the unfertilized egg
b.	Bicoid mRNA was shown to be at multiple locations in the unfertilized egg
c.	later in development, Bicoid protein occurred in a gradient that was equal in concentration all over the cells of the embryo
d.	later in development, Bicoid protein occurred in a gradient that was most concentrated in the anterior cells of the embryo
e.	injection of Bicoid mRNA into various regioins of early embryos caused anterior structures to form at those sites
f.	injection of Bicoid mRNA into various regioins of early embryos blocked anterior structures to form at those sites

Completion
Complete each statement.

Interactive question 18.3 A
An example of highly methylated and inactive DNA that is common in mammalian cells is a _______ _________, which is a compacted X chromosome in cells of a female. (2 words; 4 and 4 letters; first letter in first word is capital)

Interactive question 18.5 A.
Regulatory proteins may bind to sequences in the 5’ and 3’ UTR and block attachment of ______________, thereby decreasing gene expression. (9 letters)

Interactive question 18.5 A Part 2
Sequences in the 3’ UTR may effect the ____________ of time an mRNA remains intact, thereby either increasing or decreasing gene expression. (6 letters)

10.

Interactive question 18.5 B
A cell marks a protein for destruction by attaching molecules of ______________ to the protein. (9 letters)

11.

Interactive question 18.5 B Part 2
Giant _________ encircle and chop up the marked proteins. (11 lettters)

Matching

Interactive Study Question 18.1

a.	RNA polymerase	f.	mRNA for enzymes
b.	genes coding for enzymes	g.	promoter
c.	regulatory gene	h.	operon
d.	active repressor	i.	inducer (allolactose)
e.	operator

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Interactive question 18.2 A

a.	corepressor	c.	anabolic
b.	on	d.	inactive

21.

A first blank

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B second blank

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C third blank

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D fourth blank

Interactive question 18.2 B

a.	off	c.	active
b.	catabolic	d.	inducers

25.

A first blank

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B second blank

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C third blank

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D fourth blank

Interactive question 18.4

a.	TATA box	e.	general transcription factors
b.	promoter	f.	RNA polymerase
c.	distal control elements in enhancer	g.	DNA-bending proteins
d.	activators	h.	mediator proteins

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Interactive question 18.6 A
Put the following sequence of events in order in the formation of a primary miRNA to blocking transcription.

a.	Each hairpin is cut, then trimmed by dicer.
b.	The complex binds to to mRNA with complementary base sequences, and the mRNA is degraded or translation is blocked.
c.	The single stranded miRNA forms a complex with proteins
d.	The primary miRNA transcript folds on itself by hydrogen bonding between complementary bases, forming loops called hairpins.
e.	One strand is degraded.

37.

1st step

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2nd step

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3rd step

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4th step

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5th step

Interactive question 18.6 B

a.	these are coded for by RNA coding genes in a cell and processed by the cell
b.	these are longer double stranded RNA molecules that may be introduced into a cell (by an experimenter or a virus) or produced by the cell

42.

microRNAs

43.

small interfering RNAs

Interactive question 18.7 A

determination

differentiation

44.

Occurs when a cells developmental fate is set. Its series of gene activations has set it on the the path to express the genes for tissue-specific proteins.

45.

Occurs when the cell produces these tissue-specific proteins and develops its characteristic structure.

Structure Your Knowledge #1

a.	repressor	i.	operons
b.	corepressor	j.	inducer
c.	operator	k.	inactive
d.	inactivate	l.	catabolic
e.	anabolic	m.	negative control
f.	promoter	n.	lack of glucose
g.	cAMP	o.	activate
h.	active

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Structure Your Knowledge #2

a.	Alternative splicing of primary RNA transcript, 5’ cap and poly-A tail added
b.	Repressor proteins and miRNA or siRNA may prevent translation (or short poly-A tail length can allow mRNA stockpiling in ovum); activation of initiation factors
c.	DNA packing into nucleosomes; histone tail acetylation increases, whereas deacetylation and methylation of tails decreases transcription; methylation of DNA may be involved in long-term inactivation of genes; ncRNAs may promote heterochromatin formation
d.	Protein processing by cleavage of modification; transport to target location; selective degradation by proteosomes of proteins marked with ubiquitin
e.	Nucleotide sequences in the 3’ UTR affect lifespan of mRNA, and miRNAs ans siRNAs target mRNA for degradation
f.	Specific transcription factors (activators) bind with control elements in enhancers, then interact with mediator proteins and promoter region to form transcription initiation complex; repressors can inhibit transcription

61.

chromatin modification

62.

transcriptional regulation

63.

RNA processing

64.

RNA degradation

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translational regulation

66.

protein processing; degradation

Structure Your Knowledge #3

a.	They are often proteins that bind to cell surface receptors and initiate a signal transduction pathway involving a cascade of enzyme activations, usually leading to the activation of transcription factors within the target cell.
b.	Most are mRNA for transcription factors that are divided by the first few mitotic divisions. They are present in the cells, and their translated product can enter the nucleus and regulate transcription.

67.

cytoplasmic determinants

68.

inducers